Bata Shoe Museum free essay sample

Shoes began in warm atmospheres where the bottoms of the feet required security yet the highest point of the foot should have been cool. * 4,000 years back the main shoes were made of a solitary bit of rawhide that wrapped the foot for both warmth and assurance. * In Europe pointed toes on shoes were chic from the eleventh to the fifteenth hundreds of years. * In the Middle East impact points were added to shoes to lift the foot from the consuming sand. In Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth hundreds of years heels on shoes were constantly shaded red. Shoes everywhere throughout the world were indistinguishable until the nineteenth century, when left-and right-footed shoes were first made in Philadelphia. * In Europe it wasnt until the eighteenth century that womens shoes were not quite the same as mens. * Six-inch-high heels were worn by the privileged societies in seventeenth-century Europe. Two hirelings, one on either side, were expected to hold up the individual wearing the high heels. We will compose a custom article test on Bata Shoe Museum or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page * | * Sneakers were first made in America in 1916. They were initially called keds. * Boots were first worn in chilly, sloping locales and hot, sandy abandons where horse-riding networks lived. Impact points on boots kept feet secure in the stirrups. * The first ladys boot was intended for Queen Victoria in 1840. Shoe Museum The Bata Shoe Museum, situated in Toronto, Canada, is the main shoe exhibition hall in North America. The assortment was ordered by Sonja Bata, of the Bata shoemaking family. The exhibition hall highlights shoes and shoe-related relics spreading over 4,500 years. Bata Shoe Museum 327 Bloor Street West Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1W7 Shoes as images * In Biblical occasions a shoe was offered as a hint of a vow. * In the Medieval times a dad disregarded his power his little girl to her significant other in a shoe service. At the wedding, the husband to be given the lady a shoe, which she put on to act she was then his subject. * Today in the U. S. shoes are attached to the guard of the wedding couples vehicle. This is a token of the days when a dad gave the man of the hour one of his little girls shoes as an image of an evolving overseer. * In China one of the ladies red shoes is hurled from the rooftop to guarantee satisfaction for the wedding couple. * In Hungary the husband to be drinks a toast to his lady of the hour out of her wedding shoe.

Ricky Medina Essay Example For Students

Ricky Medina Essay Introduction. to BiologyReport # 3Twenty-six Israeli self-destructive patients, twenty-four non-self-destructive patients and twenty-four control aptients finished tests on various self-destructive propensities. Self-destructive youths indicated increasingly negative reactions that did either the non-self-destructive young people or the control patients. Besides contrasted with the other two gatherings, the self-destructive young people demonstrated less perplexing self-traits and a higher propensity to have a low confidence. Results were talked about and it was discovered that self-destructive teenagers were unevenly handling data or improvements which was creating turmoil which prompted their self-destructive propensities. Orbach, Isreal, Mario Mikulineer, Daniel Stein, and Orit Cohen, Self-portrayal of Suicidal Adolescents. Diary of Abnormal Psychology. 1996. Vol. No.3 435-439.Ricky MedinaIntro. to BiologyReport # 4Researchers utilized various proportions of irrationability and thought about the responses of never-discouraged controls (ND) with individuals who had recuperated from significant wretchedness. The ND examines uncovered that they didnt surpass in errationality and negative mind-set in explicit circumstances. The individuals who were recouped from sadness showed that when there were different factors their disposition changed quicker than the individuals who had never experienced wretchedness. They presumed that recouped discouraged individuals werent ready to deal with being under various circumstances when they needed to control there sound lifestyle. Brody, Cindy, David A.F. Haaga, Ari Solomon, Lindsey Kirk, and Dara G. Friedman 1998. Preparing Irational Beliefs in Recovered-Depressed People. Diary of Abnormal Psychology. Vol. No.3 440-449Ricky MedinaIntro. to BiologyReport # 5In 1989, the National Institute of psychological well-being (NIMH) finished the most cautious investigation looking at the achievement paces of psychotherapy versus stimulant medication treatment in the treatment of instances of significant despondency. Patients with significant misery were appointed an irregular for about four months to one of four medicines: an energizer tranquilize which was imipramine, a fake treatment pill, relational treatment, of intellectual social treatment. The relational treatment concentrated on the discouraged people associations with others. The discoveries of the examination were amazing. For the less discouraged individuals every one of the four medicines were similarly fruitful. For the Severely discouraged individuals none theless, the upper medication treatment was profoundly achievement ful. 76% enhanced the medication nad just 18% on the fake treatment. After this examination NIMH gave an admonition it reasoned that lone four months of psychotherapy or the medication treatment for wretchedness was adequate since it brought about extremely high backslide rates. Mackel, Donald, William Holder, and Larry Kvols. Psychotherapy or Pharmcotherapy? Diary of Abnormal Psychology. Vol.5. No. 6, 489-495Mackel, Donald, William Holder, and Larry Kvois, Psychotherapy or Pharmacotherapy? Diary of Abnormal Psychology. Vol. No.6 489-495.Ricky MedinaIntro. to Biologyreport #23,450 patients who were determined to have either gloom, uneasiness, or stress conditions finished the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS). 3 to 8 years after the fact similar patients took the DASS once more. Each time the subsequent grades were the asme as the grades from the primary test. The steadiness of the patients experiencing in any event one of the three conditions didn't differ over the timespan two test. The outcomes bolster the steadiness of sadness, tension and stress, and cause to notice the differentiation between the three unique disorder. These outcomes were deciphered to imply that there is presence of vulnerabilities in the three disorder, over and past the general helplessness to passionate misery. Lovebond, Peter F. Long haul Stability of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Syndromes, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1998, Vol. 107, No. 3, 520-526

A Stereotypical Media :: essays research papers

The media of today’s society plays the merchant to the generalizations that plague our nation. Be that as it may, the media isn't exclusively to fault. Susan Sontag states in her article â€Å"The Image World†: â€Å"Through being shot, something turns out to be a piece of an arrangement of data, fitted into plans of characterization and storage†(Sontag 196). Through our own interest as buyers, the utilization of promoting in TV, papers, and particularly magazines transfers to the open an inconsistent arrangement of cliché data. The arrangement of data handed-off through photographic symbolism in publicizing legitimately influences the considerations of society, on how a lady should look and feel. Accordingly, blending the cliché lady of delicacy, and glory with sex and sexuality. The tremendous measure of cliché promoting today is aimed at the white collar class, American laborer. This determination in promoting is because of the way that the white collar cla ss laborers are the primary customers. This thought is spoken to in the magazine, Newsweek. Imprinted on April 3, 2000, Newsweek prints various articles of news that are not all that engaged and top to bottom, yet at the same time contains legitimate consistency. The magazine is M/C Phillips, Page 2 really custom fitted to the white collar class as is its publicizing. Amidst mess, from articles of political force, to the ascent of the donut culture, sits an advertisement of balance and substance. Posted by the Target Corporation, a store customized to the working class, the promotion shows, a youthful, excellent lady shrouded shoulders to toe in ivy, holding a rayon purse. She is ready, celebrated and exquisite, a perfect representation of a sculpture. The background of the picture is quiet, sorted out and peaceful. The promotion peruses â€Å"ivy plant $6.99, rayon knit sack $14.99†(Newsweek 7). Notwithstanding, the ad’s symbolism from the outset doesn't completely de pict the generalizations inside it. The appearances of generalizations in this tranquil advertisement are elusive, yet are discovered somewhere down in the content of the picture. The obvious motivation behind the promotion is to sell things, for example, a satchel, and ivy plants. In any case, the clear doesn't hand-off the truth. The utilization of a woman’s cliché sexuality conceals the genuine with the dream. A generalization as characterized by the Module, â€Å"Images of Women and Men†, â€Å"is saw today as a procedure that mutilates reality†(Unger and Crawford 219). So fundamentally this is the thing that the picture, or the promotion has done. Publicizing takes the procedure of photography, and twists its world by applying such strategies as generalizing.

Assessing the Impact of Macroeconomic Policies on the Economy Essays

Evaluating the Impact of Macroeconomic Policies on the Economy Essays Evaluating the Impact of Macroeconomic Policies on the Economy Essay Evaluating the Impact of Macroeconomic Policies on the Economy Essay Branch of mechanical relations and open organization Lagos state college, Ojo, Nigeria.. Theoretical The system of banking segment changes prompting recapitalization and combination in Nigeria and the resulting merger as well as procurement of existing banks into twenty five (25) by 2005, and later eighteen (18) by 2012 brought along their path orderly work issues as far as instructive assorted variety, professional stability and efficiency, good business questions.The study survey post union execution of the financial segment to evaluate the degree to which the area meets union target utilizing post advancement approach. It was discovered that while the union and marriage of apparently perfect accomplices are settling down, the general public is forced to bear the severance of work and the augmentation of the pool of held armed force of the jobless. The drop out along these lines is twofold edge for the economy and the general public. Catchphrases: Labor changes, recapitalization, s olidification and post improvement 1. 0Introduction Private and open organizations are ceaselessly being tested by execution. Execution achievement is extremely insignificant estimated on the lists of what Alos (2006) inventoried as: what the client needs and qualities, reaction to natural changes and effect on the nature of the individuals. The issue of execution viability or reengineering association has engrossed the psyches of association professionals, specialists and watchers since 1990s. Thusly, everywhere throughout the world, numerous economies had completed different changes to guarantee viability of the 166 European Scientific JournalMay release vol. 8, No. 9 ISSN: 1857 †7881 (Print) e ISSN 1857-7431 genuine segments. The presentation upheaval began in the private part. Its belongings spread to the open area impacted by thoughts from open administration school. Nigeria as a country isn't forgotten about in this change upset to guarantee personal satisfaction for its populace. Legitimate and institutional systems were set up to re-engineer the economy and the exhibition estimations of the genuine segments. The blue print of the present changes motivation is set out in the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) document.Some of the changes incorporate (1)power segment change; (2) ports changes intended to guarantee opportune freeing from merchandise inside forty eight hours (3) deregulation of oil and gas sub-segment to thwart lasting fuel shortage; (4) deregulation in the media transmission industry to lessen government support, make business and trade (5) the financial sub-part/recapitalization/union to make it assume its legitimate job as the predominant segment of the economy in driving development and advancement in other division. The present financial segment changes inscribed as recapitalization strategy was given out on Tuesday July 6, 2004.Capitalization is setting the capital base whereupon a player can set up a nd be authorized to work banking capacities. It is setting a capital base which was given as twenty five billion naira (N25b) as at 2005. The previous capital base was two billion Naira (N2b), which numerous banks couldn't manage. In Nigeria, observational investigations had been done on the connection between banking changes and financial development (Balogun, 2007, Fadare, 2010); combination and large scale monetary execution (see Somoye, 2008); union and reception of e-banking (Ayo, Adewoye and Oni 2010; Chimeke, Evwiekpaefe, and Chete, 2006).The ramifications of banking changes on work has barely been looked into. The principle goal of this investigation is to audit the financial segment changes 2004 †2011 and the degree to which the targets set are met and furthermore, the ramifications of the changes on work as respects business: security, fair work, employees’ fulfillment and the results of these factors for the general public. 2. 0 Literature Review and Theoretic al Framework Consolidation just intends to expand on or improve to the degree of security Adeyemi (2007) considers it to speak to the possibility of speculation and the meeting up of firms or ventures as a solitary entity.In the financial area of Nigeria the pith of banking union 167 European Scientific Journal May version vol. 8, No. 9 ISSN: 1857 †7881 (Print) e ISSN 1857-7431 is to reposition the countries banking industry for worldwide seriousness and furthermore to guarantee a solid and dependable financial area that will ensure the security of the depositors’ cash. Solidification as a methods for lessening over limit is far fetched (Somoye 2008).The adequacy of banking part union as a solution for money related strength and in remedying the imperfections in the monetary segment for economical improvement had not been substantiated by comparable exercise in Europe, America and Asia in the most recent decade (Somoye, 2008). Or maybe, emergencies and disappointments as delineated by credit emergencies and transoceanic home loan budgetary strife ejected which, in Nigeria, genuinely influenced put away cash esteems explicitly, stock values.Rather than rebuilding prompting decrease in over limit as demonstrated by union theological rationalists, an improvement system that would suit the assets accessible and grow them is supported by inside instigated union defenders. The financial sub-area in Nigeria saw sharp drop in credit rate to the genuine part which influenced return on shareholders’ finance (Adeyemi, 2007). Credit went more to remote trade as opposed to the genuine parts. The limit of genuine segment to create business weakened.The access of little and medium undertakings (SMES) and the casual areas to credit additionally dwindled (Somoye, 2008; NDIC, 2008; CBN, 2008). Organizing to the financial specialists is adjusting to the requests of progressively worldwide markets for more prominent efficiencies. Humanist consistently see the s ocial effect, explicitly the social issues induced by externalities which brings about social interruption particularly the negative consequences for level of professional stability, responsibility, mental prosperity and turnover intentions.The impact of these on association effectiveness, in opposition to reformist hypothesis might be negative. Matanmi (2005) saw a yawning hole between the prompt or transient impacts of financial changes and the essential standards of professional stability. He inferred that the capacity of changes to make work over the most recent multi decade had been not many and far between. Adeyemi (2007) additionally concurred that financial changes in Nigeria brought about occupation misfortune, difference level of pay and compensation bundle for various blending gatherings and board room quarrels among clubs of the combining banks. . 1 Theoretical Framework Post advancement approach is a response to the dilema of improvement. Rather than plenitude, talk and procedures of improvement produce its inverse: underdevelopment and 168 European Scientific Journal May version vol. 8, No. 9 ISSN: 1857 †7881 (Print) e ISSN 1857-7431 impoverishment, untold misuse and suppression. (Sidaway 2008). The post advancement theological rationalist case that change realized by innovation or driven by the west would consistently meet with thwarted expectation with respect to the individuals of creating nations. 2. 2Banking Sector Reforms in Nigeria Banking activities started in 1892 claimed chiefly by exiles (Somoye, 2008). They remained anyway unregulated until 1952 (Fadare, 2010). There were extensions with indigenous proprietorship by 1950s. Notwithstanding, a large number of the banks flopped somewhere in the range of 1947 and 1952. The principal guideline of banks was set up by Banking Ordinance of 1952. This was ineffectual as there was no Central Bank until 1958 to do managing or control measures. Bank proprietorship structure moved by 1970s wi th indigenization order. This permits progressively Nigerian interest in the banking industry.The Nigerian ventures advancement Decree (NEPD) limits outside responsibility for organizations to 60% in 1972 and 40% in 1976. The 1990’s change took into consideration 100% individual possession which was a move from existing 10% for singular proprietorship and 30% for corporate possession. This prompted the multiplication of banks. Banking sub area recapitalization approach was given out on Tuesday, July 6, 2004. Capitalization is setting the capital base whereupon a player can set up and be authorized to work banking capacities. Recapitalization is setting another capital base.The embodiment is to merge the part to upgrade intensity and ability to assume significant job of financing speculation (Somoye, 2008). Solidification which may bring about increment in bank size through merger and obtaining has the capability of expanding bank returns through increment income and cost prof iciency gains. It might likewise decrease industry hazards through the disposals of frail banks and make better enhancement openings (Furlong, 1998). Recapitalization arrangements set twenty five billion Naira (N25b) as the new least capital base for banks working in Nigeria.The previous capital base was two billion naira (N2b) and numerous banks couldn't meet this. The target of recapitalization is caught in the legislative head of Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Charles Soludos words in this way the financial change is to: (1) reposition the countries banking industry for worldwide intensity; (2) guarantee a solid and dependable financial division that will ensure the wellbeing of the investors cash; (3) assume dynamic improvement job in the nations’ economy; 169 European Scientific Journal May release vol. 8, No. 9 ISSN: 1857 †7881 (Print) ISSN 1857-7431 (4) (5) make the banks less subject to open part finance, and be equipped for financing the genuine division (New Age Apri17, 2005). A period

Average National SAT Scores for 2014

Normal National SAT Scores for 2014 SAT Scores by StateSAT Score Frequently Asked Questions  In 2014,â 1,672,395 of you high-schoolers out there registeredâ and took the SAT, which is the biggest number of test-takers in late history. What's more, presently that youve taken it, Id bet that youre keen on realizing what sorts of scores your kindred school candidates have earned. Am Iâ right? In the event that youre anything like understudies before you (and presumably the individuals who will come after you, as well), you need to know how you stack up! Below, youll read a few fun realities (and some stunning ones, as well!) about the normal national SAT scores for 2014. For some of you, youll be keen on realizing the normal SAT scores for understudies entering the top government funded schools in the nation, and others of you will be interested about scores for the top tuition based schools. On the off chance that youre simply inspired by SAT scores when all is said in done, at that point continue perusing, alright? OK. By and large SAT Scores for 2014 Recollect the math term, mean? Obviously you do! Its simply the normal of a lot of numbers. For this situation, the mean is the normal score of each understudy who took the SAT from the fall of 2013â through June of 2014. The general score is somewhere around only 1 point this year.â Here are the mean scores for all analyzers by area: In general: 1497 Critical Reading: 497 Mathematics: 513 Writing: 487â (subscores: various decision: 48.9â /article: 7.0) SAT Scores for 2012 SAT Scores for 2013 SAT Scores By Gender Indeed, it would seem that the young men have taken it againâ this year in everything except for the Writing segment, women! Young ladies, you have to make some kind of breakthrough! The young men are taking you to town on the Mathematics segment! Basic Reading:Males: 499Females: 495 Mathematics:Males: 530Females: 499 Writing:Males: 481Females: 492 SAT Scores By Reported Annual Income It appears, kids, that in the event that your folks are rounding up the batter, at that point your chances of scoring higher on the SAT go up. Simply look at the measurements. Presently, make certain to utilize your best thinking abilities. This doesnt imply that kids with somewhat more money are the most intelligent on the square. What else could those numbers suggest? Maybe guardians with more riches are all the more ready to buy SAT prep? Maybe they are all the more ready to dish out the moolah for retakes? I dont know. We could guess the entire day regarding this matter, however the details don't lie; guardians getting more cash produce kids with higher SAT scores. Look: $0 - $20,000Critical Reading: 436Math: 459 $20,000 - $40,000Critical Reading: 467Math: 481 $40,000 - $60,000Critical Reading: 489Math: 500 $60,000 - $80,000Critical Reading: 504Math: 512 $80,000 - $100,000Critical Reading: 516Math: 526 $100,000 - $120,000Critical Reading: 527Math: 539 $120,000 - $140,000Critical Reading: 531Math: 542 $140,000 - $160,000Critical Reading: 539Math: 552 $160,000 - $200,000Critical Reading: 544Math: 558 $200,000 and moreCritical Reading: 569Math: 588 SAT Scores By Ethnicity Despite the fact that there is no causal connection among ethnicity and scores, its intriguing to take a look at the distinctions among us with regards to test-taking. Here are the mean by and large scores by legacy. Native American or Alaska Native: 1428 Asian, Asian-American or Pacific Islander: 1651 Black of African-American: 1278 Mexican or Mexican-American: 1354 Puerto Rican: 1349 Other Hispanic, Latino, or Latin-American: 1353 White: 1576 Other: 1504 No reaction: 1371  2014 SAT Scores Summary In this way, no doubt if youd truly prefer to take the SAT out of the ballpark, youd better join a family who makes more than $200,000 every year, make a point to make sure about the male sexual orientation, and embrace the Asian ethnicity. In the event that that doesnt work, you could generally get ready paying little heed to your ethnic legacy or familial status. These measurements speak to the mean, however don't, obviously speak to the individual - YOU. In the event that you don't share anything for all intents and purpose with the gatherings scoring the most noteworthy on the SAT, it doesn't imply that you cannot make sure about a first class score. Start with some free SAT practice tests, get some free SAT applications, and set yourself up the most ideal way you can. Good karma!

MacCPW, et al.

MacCPW, et al. CPW 2017 Events CPW is officially over! The CPW weather machine ended up pulling through, and its a sunny Fahrenheit 63 as I type this on Sunday afternoon. Welcome to my dorms implementation of CPW! MAC.0001: Introduction to MacGregor House MacGregor House is the West Campus dorm between Burton Conner (or actually No. 6) and New House. Its the tall one that looks like a hospital because that aesthetic was chic in 1970 when MacG was built. It consists of nine entries, A-J (minus I because its ~imaginary~), in a highrise stack (A-E) and a lowrise block (F-J). Its mostly singles with three doubles in F entry (my home). About half of us are on the meal plan, while the rest cook for themselves in our suite kitchens (or more realistically pay for other people to cook better food and deliver it to them). Much of Mollie B. 06s post re:MacG remains true, but I may need to update some of the details soon. And now for the main event. CPW 2017 Events A Entry: Roll with the A Dogs The people of A invited prefrosh to meet residents and eat snax. (I dont have pics of this one because tbh I was asleep. A entry people are pretty cool though. Theyre sporty.) B Entry: Be Chill followed by No Chill Eat pancakes with B-eople and then play those icebreaker lying games with them. easy Breezy highrise aesthetics C Entry: Movies Against Humanity SnaCks, Cheesy movies, and Cards against Humanity. Talk about Chill. totally Candid pics D Entry: A Night in the Lounge The first opportunity to chill and eat with MacGregor people. I missed it (smh bad blogger), so no pics for you. My sources tell me that D residents have a similar vibe to B and F, but that could be up for debate. E Entry: Protobowl and Produce and SNL and Brownies Billed as the only fruits and veggies you might find all CPW, Protobowl and Produce sounds great for restoring vitality after a long night of self-(con?)destructive CPW crashing. I went to SNL and Brownies instead, for obvious reasons. fun fact: E entry owns ghost chalk F Entry: Frilled Cheese This one expanded my worldview in relation to grilled cheese. Avocado? Peanut butter? Bacon? We know how to simultaneously lure in and scare away some prefrosh. F??: when youre here, youre Family G Entry: Netflix and Chill and Smash and Cheese During in-house rush, I was told that the G unofficially stood for Gaming. And while thats not for me, its probably for a lot of you. Just ask the room full of prefrosh who showed up to play Smash on some old school TVs in MacGregor Dining Hall. they also had so much mac and cheese H Entry: Creative Cooking with H Entry Learn how to survive and thrive in a cook-for-yourself community. H offered up some kitchens and some residents to show off to some hungry prefrosh. the H stands for Hack but you didnt hear that from me J Entry: Murder Mystery and Memes and Cereal I personally thought J won at MacGregor CPW events this year. I got to check out the Murder Mystery dinner but missed eating cereal and watching Important Videos with J. I dont know whats going on here either BONUS: An Assortment of Other Events That I Stumbled Into A Little Concert @ Senior Haus Another Smash Event with Nu Delta Obligatory Pic of the Green Building Getting Lit Kresge in Full Swing on Saturday Shoutout to all the student groups for planning, a special shoutout to the prefrosh I talked to that confirmed my suspicions that we only admit people who belong here, and a big thank you to everyone who let me do prefrosh things since I missed my CPW last spring. (: Post Tagged #fraternities #MacGregor House #photography #Senior Haus

Economies and Dis-Economies of Scale Essay - 825 Words

Economies and Dis-Economies of Scale (Essay Sample) Content: (Name)(University)(Course)(Tutor)(Date)IntroductionThe modern day business organizations are faced with numerous challenges as well as opportunities that compel them to constantly adjust to the environment and respond to the challenges presented. In effect, the size and structure of the firms have constantly undergone changes. This has caused the businesses to find themselves in new markets, producing new products, operating in with new structures and so on. This has mainly been catapulted by the firms need to keep up with the new market challenges such as competition without which they would inevitably face the natural selection fate. In order for a firm to survive this turbulent business environment, it is necessary for the firm to constantly evaluate and if need be change its operational processes. This, more often than not leads to a business restructuring with the aim of economic and technical efficiency (Franklin, 2009). In order to remain afloat in the long-ter m, the businesses will need to either restructure their operations to produce at economies or diseconomies of scale. This paper critically analyses both the economies and diseconomies of scale with a review of four authors views on the same topic.Economies of scaleThis simply means the ability of a firm to produce its output at a minimal unit cost. This in effect, reduces the cost of production and the benefits from producing more units to ensure that it reaches the set target. According to Celli (2013), economies of scale are often associated with a reduction in the average unit production cost and hence, higher productivity levels. In most cases firms strategically plan to achieve economies of scale in order to have a competitive advantage over those which are not able to achieve that. As a result a firm is able to sell at a lower cost per unit (Staffan , Phillip, David, 2006). This arises from the fact that while the companys variable cost increases with an increase in the numbe r of units produced, the fixed cost remain unchanged and in effect, spreading the fixed cost over more units reduces the eventual total production cost per unit. The following table justifies the economies of scale.Products A Fixed Cost Variable costNo. of UnitsTotal CostUnit cost $ 10,000.00  $ 50.00 100 $ 15,000.00  $ 150.00  $ 10,000.00  $ 50.00 150 $ 17,500.00  $ 116.67  $ 10,000.00  $ 50.00 200 $ 20,000.00  $ 100.00  $ 10,000.00  $ 50.00 250 $ 22,500.00  $ 90.00  $ 10,000.00  $ 50.00 300 $ 25,000.00  $ 83.33  $ 10,000.00  $ 50.00 350 $ 27,500.00  $ 78.57  $ 10,000.00  $ 50.00 400 $ 30,000.00  $ 75.00  $ 10,000.00  $ 50.00 450 $ 32,500.00  $ 72.22 From the above analysis, it is evident that a company producing at a variable cost of $50 and a fixed cost of $10000 will need to produce more items in order to achieve economies of scale. When the level of production is only 100 units, the total cost is $150000 and consequently, the unit cost of production is $150. When the company increases the number of units it produces, the total costs increase but also most importantly, the cost of production per unit reduces significantly. The firm is therefore, able to compete with other firms producing the same product or a substitute through selling at a lower unit prices since the cost of production is low (Celli, 2013).The other advantage of conducting a business under economies of scale is the possibility of greater market potential. This is proposed by Celli (2013), when he proposed that economies of scale causes a firm to produce large quantity and subsequently selling them at lower prices to the consumers and in effect, the consumers are able to purchase more of the products. Producing many units also compel the company to reach out to new markets and in ef fect, the company sales and operations grow. Franklin (2009), allude to the same fact that firm can increase their competitive advantage by increasing their output to the extent that their unit production cost reduce.Economies of scale however, has its own fair share of disadvantages. One of the main demerit of economies of scale is that the firm may experience sales pressure. This could arise where the firm would need to sell more in order to keep up with its production levels (Celli, 2013). This may not be sustainable in the long-run since there are constant pressure from market forces such as product competition, threats by new market entrant who may offer superior products therefore, taking a huge portion of the firms market share as so on.Diseconomies of scaleThis is the complete opposite of economies of scale. In this type of business operation, a company is compelled to produce at increased unit costs (Staffan , Phillip, David, 2006). This arises from a situation where the f irm is no longer able to manage its unit cost of production. This may arise from different factors which mainly affect the variable cost of production. In our previous example, the firm may be unable to produce at lower cost per unit in the long-run and therefore, ends up producing at higher unit cost (Coase, 2005). An example of a diseconomies of scale is where the firm has to hire more staff to increase sales, increase the office overheads such as communication costs in order to enhance efficient communication among the staff and hire new product managers to manage increased sales regions (Staffan , Phillip, David, 2006). If this increases the cost per unit, the company is said to operate under diseconomies of scale. The following graph shows a company operating under diseconomies of scale. As the firm continues to increase its total production from 100 units to 250 units, the unit cost reduces. However, between a total production capacity of 250 units and 300, the firm is no lon ger able to produce at a lower unit cost. After the 300 unit mark, the firm enters diseconomy of scale and an extra unit means an increased unit cost. EMBED Excel.Chart.8 \s 
The main discussion that surrounds the concept of diseconomies of scale is the fact that no firm is able to expand inexorably to the extent that it can outcompete all other firms to remain the sole global producer of a commodity (Celli, 2013). This concept was initially p... Economies and Dis-Economies of Scale Essay - 825 Words Economies and Dis-Economies of Scale (Essay Sample) Content: (Name)(University)(Course)(Tutor)(Date)IntroductionThe modern day business organizations are faced with numerous challenges as well as opportunities that compel them to constantly adjust to the environment and respond to the challenges presented. In effect, the size and structure of the firms have constantly undergone changes. This has caused the businesses to find themselves in new markets, producing new products, operating in with new structures and so on. This has mainly been catapulted by the firms need to keep up with the new market challenges such as competition without which they would inevitably face the natural selection fate. In order for a firm to survive this turbulent business environment, it is necessary for the firm to constantly evaluate and if need be change its operational processes. This, more often than not leads to a business restructuring with the aim of economic and technical efficiency (Franklin, 2009). In order to remain afloat in the long-ter m, the businesses will need to either restructure their operations to produce at economies or diseconomies of scale. This paper critically analyses both the economies and diseconomies of scale with a review of four authors views on the same topic.Economies of scaleThis simply means the ability of a firm to produce its output at a minimal unit cost. This in effect, reduces the cost of production and the benefits from producing more units to ensure that it reaches the set target. According to Celli (2013), economies of scale are often associated with a reduction in the average unit production cost and hence, higher productivity levels. In most cases firms strategically plan to achieve economies of scale in order to have a competitive advantage over those which are not able to achieve that. As a result a firm is able to sell at a lower cost per unit (Staffan , Phillip, David, 2006). This arises from the fact that while the companys variable cost increases with an increase in the numbe r of units produced, the fixed cost remain unchanged and in effect, spreading the fixed cost over more units reduces the eventual total production cost per unit. The following table justifies the economies of scale.Products A Fixed Cost Variable costNo. of UnitsTotal CostUnit cost $ 10,000.00  $ 50.00 100 $ 15,000.00  $ 150.00  $ 10,000.00  $ 50.00 150 $ 17,500.00  $ 116.67  $ 10,000.00  $ 50.00 200 $ 20,000.00  $ 100.00  $ 10,000.00  $ 50.00 250 $ 22,500.00  $ 90.00  $ 10,000.00  $ 50.00 300 $ 25,000.00  $ 83.33  $ 10,000.00  $ 50.00 350 $ 27,500.00  $ 78.57  $ 10,000.00  $ 50.00 400 $ 30,000.00  $ 75.00  $ 10,000.00  $ 50.00 450 $ 32,500.00  $ 72.22 From the above analysis, it is evident that a company producing at a variable cost of $50 and a fixed cost of $10000 will need to produce more items in order to achieve economies of scale. When the level of production is only 100 units, the total cost is $150000 and consequently, the unit cost of production is $150. When the company increases the number of units it produces, the total costs increase but also most importantly, the cost of production per unit reduces significantly. The firm is therefore, able to compete with other firms producing the same product or a substitute through selling at a lower unit prices since the cost of production is low (Celli, 2013).The other advantage of conducting a business under economies of scale is the possibility of greater market potential. This is proposed by Celli (2013), when he proposed that economies of scale causes a firm to produce large quantity and subsequently selling them at lower prices to the consumers and in effect, the consumers are able to purchase more of the products. Producing many units also compel the company to reach out to new markets and in ef fect, the company sales and operations grow. Franklin (2009), allude to the same fact that firm can increase their competitive advantage by increasing their output to the extent that their unit production cost reduce.Economies of scale however, has its own fair share of disadvantages. One of the main demerit of economies of scale is that the firm may experience sales pressure. This could arise where the firm would need to sell more in order to keep up with its production levels (Celli, 2013). This may not be sustainable in the long-run since there are constant pressure from market forces such as product competition, threats by new market entrant who may offer superior products therefore, taking a huge portion of the firms market share as so on.Diseconomies of scaleThis is the complete opposite of economies of scale. In this type of business operation, a company is compelled to produce at increased unit costs (Staffan , Phillip, David, 2006). This arises from a situation where the f irm is no longer able to manage its unit cost of production. This may arise from different factors which mainly affect the variable cost of production. In our previous example, the firm may be unable to produce at lower cost per unit in the long-run and therefore, ends up producing at higher unit cost (Coase, 2005). An example of a diseconomies of scale is where the firm has to hire more staff to increase sales, increase the office overheads such as communication costs in order to enhance efficient communication among the staff and hire new product managers to manage increased sales regions (Staffan , Phillip, David, 2006). If this increases the cost per unit, the company is said to operate under diseconomies of scale. The following graph shows a company operating under diseconomies of scale. As the firm continues to increase its total production from 100 units to 250 units, the unit cost reduces. However, between a total production capacity of 250 units and 300, the firm is no lon ger able to produce at a lower unit cost. After the 300 unit mark, the firm enters diseconomy of scale and an extra unit means an increased unit cost. 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The main discussion that surrounds the concept of diseconomies of scale is the fact that no firm is able to expand inexorably to the extent that it can outcompete all other firms to remain the sole global producer of a commodity (Celli, 2013). This concept was initially p...